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 <86948fef-641e-22ee-94a1-12501e98c071@christopherschultz.net>
From: Don Flinn <flinn@alum.mit.edu>
Date: Sun, 26 Nov 2017 15:15:27 -0500
Message-ID: <CAJteSfxF0zucoOwvqf+Kfh9dVtGOEFHzMGnZ=DE0QToxFjSt6g@mail.gmail.com>
Subject: Re: Trying to understand How Tomcat uses Keystore for SSL
To: Tomcat Users List <users@tomcat.apache.org>
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archived-at: Sun, 26 Nov 2017 20:15:52 -0000

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Chris

Thank you for your excellent reply and references.

I've been doing a lot of reading on SSL, certificates, keys, algorithms,
etc. Woo!  However I still don't have it correct.

I've retrieved certificates from letsencrypt and following your suggestions
did the following.

Created a pkcs12 store using the following command line.
openssl pkcs12 -export -in "domain-chain.crt" -inkey "domain.key" -certfile
"ICDTrustRoot.crt" -out "MM.p12" -name tomcat -passout "pass:changeit"

where the domain-chain.crt contains two certificates  and ICDTrustRoot
contains one as shown below -
PS C:\users\don\security\letsenc5> openssl x509 -noout -subject -issuer -in
domaincert1.crt       (the first cert in domain-chain.crt)
subject= /CN=info.finwoks.com
issuer= /C=US/O=Let's Encrypt/CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3

PS C:\users\don\security\letsenc5> openssl x509 -noout -subject -issuer -in
domaincert2.crt     (the second cert in domain-chain.crt)
subject= /C=US/O=Let's Encrypt/CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3
issuer= /O=Digital Signature Trust Co./CN=DST Root CA X3

PS C:\users\don\security\letsenc4> openssl x509 -noout -subject -issuer -in
ICDTrustRoot.crt
subject= /O=Digital Signature Trust Co./CN=DST Root CA X3
issuer= /O=Digital Signature Trust Co./CN=DST Root CA X3
so I have the three certificates and the private key which is shared with
letsencrypt called domain.key
My server.xml contains:
<Connector protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"
           sslImplementationName="org.apache.tomcat.util.net.
openssl.OpenSSLImplementation"
           port="8443"  maxThreads="200"
   scheme="https" secure="true" SSLEnabled="true" keystoreType="PKCS12"
   keystoreFile="/users/don/Security/MM.p12" keystorePass="changeit"
                  clientAuth="false" sslProtocol="TLS"
   />

However when I restart Tomcat is get the following error in the Tomcat
error log and of course it fails in the handshake with the browser

org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.initInternal Failed to initialize
connector [Connector[HTTP/1.1-8443]]
 org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to initialize component
[Connector[HTTP/1.1-8443]]
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.init(LifecycleBase.java:112)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.initInternal(
StandardService.java:549)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.init(LifecycleBase.java:107)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer.initInternal(
StandardServer.java:873)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.init(LifecycleBase.java:107)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.load(Catalina.java:606)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.load(Catalina.java:629)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.load(Bootstrap.java:311)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:494)
Caused by: java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: org.apache.tomcat.jni.Pool.
create(J)J
at org.apache.tomcat.jni.Pool.create(Native Method)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.openssl.OpenSSLEngine.<clinit>
(OpenSSLEngine.java:75)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.openssl.OpenSSLUtil.getImplementedProtocols(
OpenSSLUtil.java:61)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SSLUtilBase.<init>(SSLUtilBase.java:46)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.openssl.OpenSSLUtil.<init>(
OpenSSLUtil.java:41)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.openssl.OpenSSLImplementation.getSSLUtil(
OpenSSLImplementation.java:36)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.AbstractJsseEndpoint.initialiseSsl(
AbstractJsseEndpoint.java:82)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint.bind(NioEndpoint.java:261)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.AbstractEndpoint.init(
AbstractEndpoint.java:798)
at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.init(AbstractProtocol.java:547)
at org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Protocol.init(
AbstractHttp11Protocol.java:66)
at org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector.initInternal(Connector.java:1010)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.init(LifecycleBase.java:107)
... 12 more

I'm running Tomcat 9 in Amazon Web services using Windows Server.  I don't
know what I'm doing wrong.  Further help will be appreciated. It appears I
have the pkcs12 wrong.

Don

On Tue, Nov 14, 2017 at 4:33 PM, Christopher Schultz <
chris@christopherschultz.net> wrote:

> -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
> Hash: SHA256
>
> Don,
>
> On 11/14/17 1:57 AM, Don Flinn wrote:
> > I've done some reading on SSL and understand the protocol is as
> > follows; Client/Browser sends ClientHello and server Tomcat replies
> > with ServerHello.  This establishes the protocol they will use. The
> > server then sends the certificate and the public key - in the
> > clear The browser encrypts a message containing the servers domain,
> > all encrypted with the server's public key to the CA which the
> > browser trusts.  The public key is in the certificate. The CA
> > de-crypts the message with the server's private key.  So the
> > server's name/ domain must be not encrypted. If the server can
> > decrypt the message it knows the server and it then sends a ack
> > message back to the browser encrypted with the client's private
> > key.
>
> Most of that is correct (enough) except for the last part: the server
> never has the client's private key. The handshake is done using
> public-key/asymmetric encryption and part of that handshake includes
> establishing the keys to be used for the bulk encryption -- the
> encryption used after the handshake.
>
> > The browser and Tomcat then establish a secret key to send messages
> > back and forth.
>
> That's the bulk encryption key. Note that it can be re-negotiated at
> intervals during the conversation if necessary.
>
> > If I have the above correct, I must have keystore set up
> > incorrectly, since running my scenario I get an error in the Chrome
> > debugger,which says
> >
> > This page is not secure "Valid certificate The connection to this
> > site is using a valid, trusted server certificate issued by unknown
> > name. Secure resources All resources on this page are served
> > securely. "
> >
> > Note the 'the certificate is valid and it is issued by unknown
> > name"  Why is the issuer unknown, since the issuer's name is in the
> > certificate?
>
> That message may be misleading. If the certificate is self-signed than
> of course the certificate signer is "known" to the client (Chrome)
> because it's just identified itself (as itself!). What it means to be
> "unknown" is that it is /untrusted/. You haven't told Chrome that you
> specifically trust the certificate that signed the server's
> certificate. If you e.g. self-sign then the self-signature isn't
> recognized as authoritative. If a real CA signs it -- e.g. Verisign,
> DigiCert, Let's Encrypt, etc. -- then the browser /will/ recognize it.
>
> > letsencrypt has an online web site from which one can download a
> > ca_bundle, a private key and a certificate for your domain
>
> Theoretically, you should generate your own private key and then use
> LE's tools to obtain a signed certificate.
>
> > Oracle has an article on keytool which says that keytool  can not
> > create a pkcs12 keystore but can read it and to use openssl, which
> > I did following their instructions.
>
> OpenSSL will do DER/PEM files and also PKCS12 keystores, but they are
> interchangeable and contain the same types of key material... just in
> different kinds of packages.
>
> > Concatenate the CA cert, the private key and the user cert then put
> > these in keystore.
>
> Be careful with terms. Concatenation usually means just slamming bytes
> together. This only works with PEM-encoded files like OpenSSL likes to
> use -- the ones that start with e.g. "---- BEGIN CERTIFICATE ----".
> The other types of files have a very specific format and you can't
> just slam them together.
>
> > The result is shown below.  Tomcat isn't able to use this keystore
> > to communicate with the browser for some reason. Why? What's
> > missing or incorrect?
> >
> > C:\Users\don\Security\letsenc>%keytool% -list -keystore MMcert.p12
> > -v -storetype pkcs12 Enter keystore password:
> >
> > Keystore type: PKCS12 Keystore provider: SunJSSE
> >
> > Your keystore contains 1 entry
> >
> > Alias name: tomcat Creation date: Nov 13, 2017 Entry type:
> > PrivateKeyEntry
>
> So this is one of the things that makes me angry about keytool: it
> tells you there is only a single entry in the keystore and tells you
> that it's a "private key". Well... there is also a certificate in
> there and it's got signatures on it and stuff. I'd count that as at
> least 2 items. Anyway...
>
> > Certificate chain length: 1 Certificate[1]: Owner:
> > CN=info.finwoks.com
>
> Okay, this is traditionally called the "subject": info.finworks.com.
> This is *your certificate*, usually called the "server certificate".
> It's usually the last link in a chain of trust going from the CA down
> to the server cert.
>
> > Issuer: CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3, O=Let's Encrypt, C=US
>
> Good: you have a certificate that has been issued (aka signed) by
> Let's Encrypt.
>
> You appear to be missing the Let's Encrypt intermediate certificate in
> your keystore, which will be required for most browsers to trust the
> certificate (chain).
>
> Might I recommend using Qualys's fine SSL server test tool:
> https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/
>
> It probably would have told you that you have a single certificate in
> your chain and that you need to have an intermediate certificate.
>
> It turns out that it's fairly easy to fix this: just import LE's
> intermediate certificate into your keystore, like this:
>
> $ keytool -import -alias [Authority.intermediate] -trustcacerts \
>    -file [authority's intermediate cert file] \
>    -keystore yourkeystore.jks
>
> Once you add this certificate, you will likely have to restart Tomcat
> to pick-up the changes.
>
> You can do this in a single operation to convert from the PEM-encoded
> files that LE gives to you into a PKCS12 package like this:
>
> $  openssl pkcs12 -export -in "${LE_BASE}/cert.pem" \
>           -inkey "${LE_BASE}/privkey.pem" \
>           -certfile "${LE_BASE}/fullchain.pem" \
>           -out "${CATALINA_BASE}/${HOSTNAME}.p12" -name tomcat \
>           -passout "pass:changeit"
>
> Note that this command imports all 3 items (server key, server
> certificate, and CA intermediate certs) into a single PKCS12 bundle.
> Then you can convert that into a Java keystore. Or just use PKCS12 as
> your keystore type from Tomcat and avoid the use of keytool altogether.
>
> You might find these two presentations informative:
> http://people.apache.org/~markt/presentations/2017-05-16-b-tomcat-ssl.pd
> f
>
> http://people.apache.org/~schultz/ApacheCon%20NA%202017/Let's%20Encrypt%
> 20Apache%20Tomcat.pdf
>
> Hope that helps,
> - -chris
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