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From: Eric Baldeschwieler <eric14@yahoo-inc.com>
Subject: Re: [jira] Created: (HADOOP-288) RFC: Efficient file caching
Date: Wed, 7 Jun 2006 18:46:42 -0700
To: hadoop-dev@lucene.apache.org

Seems like we should do our best to be sure that every task does get  
the same file.  This would be a nice property and maybe not that  
hard.  Could at least check signatures and fail if there is a change.

Right now the jar file is copied and uncompressed with each task,  
correct?  If so, there is more utility to caching this file than you  
propose.

I don't understand your proposed API, when you start talking about  
files and recursive directories.  I propose we support only archives  
as inputs (or single files).  Can enforce extensions, or provide an  
unpacking config option.

Where would you extend the existing map reduce API?  To what extent  
is this "just library code"?  What APIs are added to job config, the  
task tracker, etc?

On Jun 7, 2006, at 6:28 PM, Michel Tourn (JIRA) wrote:

> RFC: Efficient file caching
> ----------------------------
>
>          Key: HADOOP-288
>          URL: http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-288
>      Project: Hadoop
>         Type: Bug
>
>     Reporter: Michel Tourn
>  Assigned to: Michel Tourn
>
>
> RFC: Efficient file caching
> (on Hadoop Task nodes, for benefit of MapReduce Tasks)
> ------------------------------------------------------
>
> We will start implementing this soon. Please provide feedback and  
> improvements to this plan.
>
> The header "Options:" indicates places where simple choices must be  
> made.
>
>
> Problem:
> -------
> o MapReduce tasks require access to additional out-of-band data  
> ("dictionaries")
>
> This out-of-band data is:
>
> o in addition to the map/reduce inputs.
> o large (1GB+)
> o broadcast (same data is required on all the Task nodes)
> o changes "infrequently", in particular:
> oo it is always constant for all the Tasks in a Job.
> oo it is often constant for a month at a time
> oo it may be shared across team members
> o sometimes used by pure-Java MapReduce programs
> o sometimes used by non-Java MapReduce programs (using Hadoop- 
> Streaming)
> o (future) used by programs that use HDFS and Task-trackers but not  
> MapReduce.
>
> Existing Solutions to the problem:
> ---------------------------------
> These solutions are not good enough. The present proposal is to do  
> Sol 1 with caching.
>
> Sol 1: Pure Hadoop: package the out-of-band data in the MapReduce  
> Job jar file.
> Sol 2: Non  Hadoop: for each task node run rsync from single source  
> for data.
> Sol 3: Non  Hadoop: use BitTorrent, etc.
>
> Sol.1 is correct but slow for many reasons:
>  The Job submitter must recreate a large jar(tar) file for every Job.
>   (The jar contains both changing programs and stable dictionaries)
>  The large Jar file must be propagated from the client to HDFS with
>  a large replication factor.
>  At the beginning of every Task, the Task tracker gets the job jar  
> from HDFS
>  and unjars it in the working directory. This can dominate task  
> execution time.
>
> Sol.2 has nice properties but also some problems.
>  It does not scale well with large clusters (many concurrent rsync  
> read requests i.e. single-source broadcast)
>  It assumes that Hadoop users can upload data using rsync to the  
> cluster nodes. As a policy, this is not allowed.
>  It requires rsync.
>
> Sol.3 alleviates the rsync scalability problems but
>       It is a dependency on an external system.
>       We want something simpler and more tightly integrated with  
> Hadoop.
>
>
> Staging (uploading) out-of-band data:
> ------------------------------------
> The out-of-band data will often originate on the local filesystem  
> of a user machine
>  (i.e. a MapReduce job submitter)
> Nevertheless it makes sense to use HDFS to store the original out- 
> of-band data because:
> o HDFS has (wide) replication. This enables scalable broadcast later.
> o HDFS is an available channel to move data from clients to all  
> task machines.
> o HDFS is convenient as a shared location among Hadoop team members.
>
>
> Accessing (downloading) out-of-band data:
> ----------------------------------------
> The non-Java MapReduce programs do not have or want[1] APIs for HDFS.
> Instead these programs just want to access out-of-band data as
>  local files at predefined paths.
> ([1] Existing programs should be reusable with no changes.
>  This is often possible bec. communication is over stdin/stdout.)
>
>
>
> Job's jar file as a special case:
> --------------------------------
> One use case is to allow users to make the job jar itself cachable.
>
> This is only useful in cases where NOTHING changes when a job is  
> resubmitted
>  (no MapRed code changes and no changes in shipped data)
> This situation might occur with an 'extractor' job (gets data from  
> an external source: like Nutch crawler)
>
> Currently the Hadoop mapred-jar mechanism works in this way:
>  the job jar data is unjarred in the "working directory" of the Task
>  the jar contains both MapRed java code (added to classpath)
>
>
>
> Cache synchronization:
> ---------------------
>
> The efficient implementation of the out-of-band data distribution
> is mostly a cache synchronization problem.
> A list of the various aspects where choices must be made follows.
>
>
> Cache key:
> ---------
> How do you test that the cached copy is out-of-date?
>
> Options:
> 1. the archive/file timestamp
> 2. the MD5 of the archive/file content
>
> Comparing source and destination Timestamps is problematic bec. it  
> assumes synchronized clocks.
> Also there is no last-modif metadata in HDFS (for good reasons,  
> like scalability of metadata ops)
>
> Timestamps stored with the source ('last-propagate-time') do
>  not require synchronized clocks, only locally monotonic time.
> (and the worse which can happen at daylight-savings switch is a  
> missed update or an extra-update)
>
> The cache code could store a copy of the local timestamp
> in the same way that it caches the value of the content hash along  
> with the source data.
>
>
>
> Cachable unit:
> -------------
> Options: individual files or archives or both.
>
> Note:
> At the API level, directories will be processed recursively
> (and the local FS directories will parallel HDFS directories)
> So bulk operations are always possible using directories.
> The question here is whether to handle archives as an additional  
> bulk mechanism.
>
>
> Archives are special because:
> o unarchiving occurs transparently as part of the cache sync
> o The cache key is computed on the archive and preserved although
>   the archive itself is not preserved.
> Supported archive format will be: tar (maybe tgz or compressed jar)
> Archive detection test: by filename extension ".tar" or ".jar"
>
> Suppose we don't handle archives as special files:
> Pros:
>  o less code, no discussion about which archive formats are supported
>  o fine for large dictionary files. And when files are not large,  
> user may as well
>    put them in the Job jar as usual.
>  o user code could always check and unarchive specific cached files
>    (as a side-effect of MapRed task initialization)
> Cons:
>  o handling small files may be inefficient
>   (multiple HDFS operations, multiple hash computation,
>    one 'metadata' hash file along with each small file)
>  o It will not be possible to handle the Job's jar file as a  
> special case of caching
>
>
>
> Cache isolation:
> ---------------
> In some cases it may be a problem if the cached HDFS files are  
> updated while a Job is in progress:
> The file may become unavailable for a short period of time and some  
> tasks fail.
> The file may change (atomically) and different tasks use a  
> different version.
>
> This isolation problem is not addressed in this proposal.
> Standard solutions to the isolation problem are:
>
> o Assume that Jobs and interfering cache updates won't occur  
> concurrently.
>
> o Put a version number in the HDFS file paths and refer to a hard- 
> coded version in the Job code.
>
> o Before running the MapRed job, run a non-distributed application  
> that tests
>   what is the latest available version of the out-of-band data.
>   Then make this version available to the MapRed job.
>   Two ways to do this.
>   o either set a job property just-in-time:
>     addCachePathPair("/mydata/v1234/", "localcache/mydata_latest");
>     (see Job Configuration for meaning of this)
>   o or publish the decision as an HDFS file containing the version.
>     then rely on user code to read the version, and manually  
> populate the cache:
>     Cache.syncCache("/hdfs/path/fileordir", "relative/local/ 
> fileordir");
>     (see MapReduce API for meaning of this)
>
>
> Cache synchronization stages:
> ----------------------------
> There are two stages: Client-to-HDFS and HDFS-to-TaskTracker
>
> o Client-to-HDFS stage.
> Options: A simple option is to not do anything here, i.e. rely on  
> the user.
>
> This is a reasonable option given previous remarks on the role of  
> HDFS:
>  HDFS is a staging/publishing area and a natural shared location.
> In particular this means that the system need not track
> where the client files come from.
>
>
> o HDFS-to-TaskTracker:
> Client-to-HDFS synchronization (if done at all) should happen  
> before this.
> Then HDFS-to-TaskTracker synchronization must happen right before
> the data is needed on a node.
>
>
>
> MapReduce cache API:
> -------------------
> Options:
>
> 1. No change in MapReduce framework code:
> require the user to put this logic in map() (or reduce) function:
>
>  in MyMapper constructor (or in map() on first record) user is  
> asked to add:
>
>     Cache.syncCache("/hdfs/path/fileordir", "relative/local/ 
> fileordir");
>     Cache.syncCache("..."); //etc.
>
> -----
>
> 2. Put this logic in MapReduce framework and use Job properties to
>    communicate the list of pairs (hdfs path; local path)
>
> Directories are processed recursively.
> If archives are treated specially then they are unarchived on  
> destination.
>
>
> MapReduce Job Configuration:
> ---------------------------
> Options:
>
> with No change in MapReduce framework code (see above)
>  no special Job configuration:
>    it is up to the MapRed writer to configure and run the cache  
> operations.
>
> ---
> with Logic in MapReduce framework (see above)
>  some simple Job configuration
>
> JobConf.addCachePathPair(String, String)
> JobConf.addCachePathPair("/hdfs/path/fileordir", "relative/local/ 
> fileordir");
>
>
>
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